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A piston model for transmembrane signaling of the aspartate receptor.

Karen Ottemann Xiao, W Shin, Yk Koshland De, Jr

Published in Science

To characterize the mechanism by which receptors propagate conformational changes across membranes, nitroxide spin labels were attached at strategic positions in the bacterial aspartate receptor. By collecting the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of these labeled receptors in the presence and absence of the ligand aspartate, ligand binding w...

Human genome ultraconserved elements are ultraselected.

Katzman, S Kern, Ad Bejerano, G Fewell, G Fulton, L Wilson, Rk Salama, Sr David Haussler

Published in Science

Ultraconserved elements in the human genome are defined as stretches of at least 200 base pairs of DNA that match identically with corresponding regions in the mouse and rat genomes. Most ultraconserved elements are noncoding and have been evolutionarily conserved since mammal and bird ancestors diverged over 300 million years ago. The reason for t...

A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual.

Meyer, Matthias Kircher, Martin Gansauge, Marie-Theres Li, Heng Racimo, Fernando Mallick, Swapan Schraiber, Joshua G Jay, Flora Prüfer, Kay de Filippo, Cesare ...

Published in Science (New York, N.Y.)

We present a DNA library preparation method that has allowed us to reconstruct a high-coverage (30×) genome sequence of a Denisovan, an extinct relative of Neandertals. The quality of this genome allows a direct estimation of Denisovan heterozygosity indicating that genetic diversity in these archaic hominins was extremely low. It also allows tenta...

Mapping the inside of the ribosome with an RNA helical ruler.

Joseph, S Weiser, B Harry Noller

Published in Science

The structure of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the ribosome was probed with hydroxyl radicals generated locally from iron(II) tethered to the 5 ends of anticodon stem-loop analogs (ASLs) of transfer RNA. The ASLs, ranging in length from 4 to 33 base pairs, bound to the ribosome in a messenger RNA-dependent manner and directed cleavage to specific region...

Effects of kinesin mutations on neuronal functions.

Gho, M Mcdonald, K Ganetzky, B Saxton, Wm

Published in Science

Kinesin is believed to generate force for the movement of organelles in anterograde axonal transport. The identification of genes that encode kinesin-like proteins suggests that other motors may provide anterograde force instead of or in addition to kinesin. To gain insight into the specific functions of kinesin, the effects of mutations in the kin...

Surface area of human erythrocyte lipids: reinvestigation of experiments on plasma membrane.

Bar, Rs Deamer, Dw Cornwell, Dg

Published in Science

Ratios of the lipid monolayer area to the erythrocyte surface area are 2:1 at low surface pressures and approach 1: 1 at collapse pressures. Un saturated phospholipids in cholesterol-phospholipid complexes of membrane ex tracts resemble their saturated derivatives at collapse pressures. Area ratio and phospholipid area data are related by an equati...

Ultraconserved elements in the human genome.

Bejerano, G Pheasant, M Makunin, I Stephen, S Kent, Wj Mattick, Js David Haussler

Published in Science

There are 481 segments longer than 200 base pairs (bp) that are absolutely conserved (100% identity with no insertions or deletions) between orthologous regions of the human, rat, and mouse genomes. Nearly all of these segments are also conserved in the chicken and dog genomes, with an average of 95 and 99% identity, respectively. Many are also sig...

Fracture planes in an ice-bilayer model membrane system.

Deamer, Dw Branton, D

Published in Science

Experiments with transferred stearate layers were performed to determine the location of fracture planes in frozen ice-lipid systems. Bilayers and multilayers of carbon-14-labeled stearate were frozen in contact with an aqueous phase and then fractured. The distribution of radioactivity on both sides of the fracture showed that the stearate layers ...

Gene repression. H3K27me and PRC2 transmit a memory of repression across generations and during development.

Gaydos, Laura J Wang, Wenchao Strome, Susan

Published in Science (New York, N.Y.)

For proper development, cells must retain patterns of gene expression and repression through cell division. Repression via methylation of histone H3 on Lys27 (H3K27me) by Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is conserved, but its transmission is not well understood. Our studies suggest that PRC2 represses the X chromosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans...

A function for kinesin I in the posterior transport of oskar mRNA and Staufen protein.

Brendza, Rp Serbus, Lr Duffy, Jb Saxton, Wm

Published in Science

The asymmetric localization of messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein determinants plays an important role in the establishment of complex body plans. In Drosophila oocytes, the anterior localization of bicoid mRNA and the posterior localization of oskar mRNA are key events in establishing the anterior-posterior axis. Although the mechanisms that drive b...

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