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Catalysis of ribosomal translocation by sparsomycin.

Fredrick, K Harry Noller

Published in Science

During protein synthesis, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are translocated from the aminoacyl to peptidyl to exit sites of the ribosome, coupled to the movement of messenger RNA (mRNA), in a reaction catalyzed by elongation factor G (EF-G) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Here, we show that the peptidyl transferase inhibitor sparsomycin triggers accurate tr...

X-ray crystal structures of 70S ribosome functional complexes.

Cate, Jh Yusupov, Mm Yusupova, Gz Earnest, Tn Harry Noller

Published in Science

Structures of 70S ribosome complexes containing messenger RNA and transfer RNA (tRNA), or tRNA analogs, have been solved by x-ray crystallography at up to 7.8 angstrom resolution. Many details of the interactions between tRNA and the ribosome, and of the packing arrangements of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helices in and between the ribosomal subunits, can...

A -defensin mutation causes black coat color in domestic dogs.

Candille, Si Kaelin, Cb Cattanach, Bm Yu, B Thompson, Da Nix, Ma Kerns, Ja Schmutz, Sm Glenn Millhauser Barsh, Gs ...

Published in Science

Genetic analysis of mammalian color variation has provided fundamental insight into human biology and disease. In most vertebrates, two key genes, Agouti and Melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r), encode a ligand-receptor system that controls pigment type-switching, but in domestic dogs, a third gene is implicated, the K locus, whose genetic characteristi...

Molecular architecture and assembly principles of Vibrio cholerae biofilms.

Berk, V Fong, Jc Dempsey, Gt Develioglu, On Zhuang, X Liphardt, J Fitnat Yildiz Chu, S

Published in Science

In their natural environment, microbes organize into communities held together by an extracellular matrix composed of polysaccharides and proteins. We developed an in vivo labeling strategy to allow the extracellular matrix of developing biofilms to be visualized with conventional and superresolution light microscopy. Vibrio cholerae biofilms displ...

A gene expression map for Caenorhabditis elegans.

Kim, Sk Lund, J Kiraly, M Duke, K Jiang, M Josh Stuart Eizinger, A Wylie, Bn Davidson, Gs

Published in Science

We have assembled data from Caenorhabditis elegans DNA microarray experiments involving many growth conditions, developmental stages, and varieties of mutants. Co-regulated genes were grouped together and visualized in a three-dimensional expression map that displays correlations of gene expression profiles as distances in two dimensions and gene d...

Integrating genomes.

Zerbino, Dr Paten, B David Haussler

Published in Science

As genomic sequencing projects attempt ever more ambitious integration of genetic, molecular, and phenotypic information, a specialization of genomics has emerged, embodied in the subdiscipline of computational genomics. Models inherited from population genetics, phylogenetics, and human disease genetics merge with those from graph theory, statisti...

Human genome ultraconserved elements are ultraselected.

Katzman, S Kern, Ad Bejerano, G Fewell, G Fulton, L Wilson, Rk Salama, Sr David Haussler

Published in Science

Ultraconserved elements in the human genome are defined as stretches of at least 200 base pairs of DNA that match identically with corresponding regions in the mouse and rat genomes. Most ultraconserved elements are noncoding and have been evolutionarily conserved since mammal and bird ancestors diverged over 300 million years ago. The reason for t...

Ultraconserved elements in the human genome.

Bejerano, G Pheasant, M Makunin, I Stephen, S Kent, Wj Mattick, Js David Haussler

Published in Science

There are 481 segments longer than 200 base pairs (bp) that are absolutely conserved (100% identity with no insertions or deletions) between orthologous regions of the human, rat, and mouse genomes. Nearly all of these segments are also conserved in the chicken and dog genomes, with an average of 95 and 99% identity, respectively. Many are also sig...

Genomewide analysis of mRNA processing in yeast using splicing-specific microarrays.

Clark, Ta Sugnet, Cw Ares M, Jr

Published in Science

Introns interrupt almost every eukaryotic protein-coding gene, yet how the splicing apparatus interprets the genome during messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis is poorly understood. We designed microarrays to distinguish spliced from unspliced RNA for each intron-containing yeast gene and measured genomewide effects on splicing caused by loss of 18 diffe...

Regulation of the different chromatin states of autosomes and X chromosomes in the germ line of C. elegans.

Fong, Y Bender, L Wang, W Susan Strome

Published in Science

The Maternal-Effect Sterile (MES) proteins are essential for germline viability in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we report that MES-4, a SET-domain protein, binds to the autosomes but not to the X chromosomes. MES-2, MES-3, and MES-6 are required to exclude MES-4 and markers of active chromatin from the X chromosomes. These findings strengthen the ...

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